Inquiry starts from a problem and is judged by what it lets us do. Making is a way of knowing.
Fills both slots
Pragmatist Ontology + Pragmatist Epistemology
Key thinkers: William James, John Dewey, Donald Schön
The longer story
Pragmatism asks: does it work? William James, John Dewey, and now practice-based research—knowledge is what helps you solve problems. This is the tradition for studio-led PhDs where making IS thinking.